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Numerous other Scientologist-run companies and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE requires those who wish to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area needs expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to assist in the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or respected people. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has actually attained some trustworthiness as a religion in numerous countries, Scientology has also been described as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has actually been noted to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game people it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were business and run for the advantage imp source of Hubbard. see Controversy followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to examine, as determined in a web poll run by the presidential shift group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was developed with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and devoted among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by an organization not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense committed by these offenders is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No person or organization was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive tactics in dealing with those it sees as trying to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first described by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb dangers in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.